INTRODUCTION
Democracy, often touted as the best form of government, promises a system of governance in which power is vested in the people. It is heralded for its promotion of equality, freedom, and participation, where leaders are chosen through free and fair elections. For Nigeria, the journey toward democratic governance has been tumultuous. After decades of military rule, Nigeria transitioned to civilian governance in 1999, ushering in the Fourth Republic. This return to democracy raised hopes for the country’s political stability, economic growth, and social development. However, despite over two decades of democratic rule, many Nigerians still question whether democracy has translated into good governance. This article critically examines the extent to which democracy has led to good governance in Nigeria, analyzing both its successes and failures in addressing the country’s myriad challenges.
CONCEPT OF DEMOCRACY
Democracy, as a concept, defies a singular definition among scholars and leaders across history. In fact, it is noteworthy that democracy, as a subject of discussion, has garnered extensive scholarly attention, primarily due to the varied experiences of countries and the different narratives that arise from these experiences.
Abraham Lincoln, though not a formal scholar, offered one of the most widely referenced definitions of democracy in his famous Gettysburg Address of 1863. He described democracy as a government “of the people, by the people, for the people.” Lincoln’s succinct definition emphasizes the idea that democracy is rooted in the people themselves, reflecting the importance of popular participation and collective decision-making in the governance process.
Robert A. Dahl, a leading theorist of pluralist democracy, provides a more detailed definition. He asserts that a political system is democratic to the extent that its most powerful collective decision-makers are selected through fair, honest, and periodic elections. In these elections, candidates freely compete for votes, and nearly all adult citizens are eligible to vote. Dahl’s definition highlights the critical role of free and fair elections in ensuring that democracy functions effectively, with political leaders being accountable to the people they serve.
Kwame Nkrumah, the first President of Ghana, offered a definition that considers the broader social and economic dimensions of democracy. He argued that democracy is not only about political freedom but also about the right of people to manage their own affairs and determine their own destinies. For Nkrumah, democracy must ensure economic and social justice in the African context, which goes beyond mere political representation and encompasses the well-being of the people.
Alexis de Tocqueville, a French political thinker, presented democracy as both a social condition and a form of government. He defined democracy as a system in which people, either directly or through their representatives, participate in the making of laws and the administration of public affairs. Tocqueville’s definition highlights the active role of citizens in shaping the laws and policies that govern their society, emphasizing the participatory nature of democracy.
Nelson Mandela, the iconic leader of South Africa, provided a definition that emphasizes the inclusivity of democracy. According to Mandela, democracy is not a system imposed from above but rather the product of a free and equal society where every individual, regardless of race or status, has a voice
Mandela’s definition stresses the importance of equality and inclusivity in the democratic process, where all citizens, regardless of their background, can participate in shaping their future.
Chinua Achebe, in his book The Trouble with Nigeria, offered a critical perspective on democracy. He opined that democracy is not something that is simply handed down; it must be cultivated, nurtured, and jealously guarded by the people. Achebe emphasized that a true democracy is one where the people’s voice is genuinely heard, not drowned out by corruption and bad leadership. His definition underscores the need for active engagement and vigilance in maintaining a functional democracy.
Wole Soyinka, in his book The Open Sore of a Continent (1996), defined democracy as the right to say “no” to tyranny, corruption, and the abuse of power. Soyinka argued that democracy is hollow without accountability and a free press. His definition focuses on the critical role of checks and balances, particularly the ability of the people to hold their leaders accountable and challenge abuses of power.
Professor Mike Ozekhome SAN offers a definition that reflects the emotional and cultural attachment people have to democracy. He argues that democracy is a government shaped by the hopes and values of its people, where they have a real say and a deep emotional connection to the system. According to Mike Ozekhome, democracy must reflect the ideals of the people and be something they are committed to defending. He also highlights that while external influences may shape democracy, its true essence lies in being rooted in the experiences and aspirations of the people.
The idea of democracy, or government by the people, is very old, dating back to ancient Greece. The word itself comes from the Greek words: demos, meaning “the people”, and kratos, meaning “authority”. Macionis (2005), simply defines democracy as “a type of political system that gives to the people as a whole”.
In a democratic state, authority is rooted in the consent of the people, that is, in the belief that people have the right to run or at least to choose their government. Democracies impose clear, legally established limits to what elected officials can do. All participants in the system must obey the rules regarding such principles as open, free and fair elections, one person, one vote, and acceptance of majority decisions while respecting a minority’s right to dissent. Calhoun et al (1997), describe democracy as a system in which “the law guarantees extensive civil liberties, including the freedom to associate with whomever one chooses, freedom of speech and the press, and freedom from unreasonable search and seizure”. A democracy does not claim exclusive, unquestioning loyalty from its people; in fact, if those in power overstep their authority, the people have a right, even a duty, to vote them out of office or impeach them through their representatives. Democracy is increasingly getting attention globally and with globalization it is not losing momentum in popularity. However, democracy in Nigeria is relatively young with a lot of challenges facing its survival and growth.
INGREDIENTS OF DEMOCRACY
It is widely now accepted that for real democracy, the following necessary conditions must be present: free and fair elections; a genuine choice between candidates and policies; real parliamentary power; the separation of powers between the executive, legislature, judiciary and the politicians; civil rights for all citizens; rule of law and equality before law; inter-party competition; real representation of different interests, free, strong and responsible media; personal freedom; freedom of speech and the press, freedom of religion and public worship and freedom of association and of assembly; freedom from arbitrary arrest; and political choice.
Conversely, strong pillars of democracy include rule of law, separation of powers, checks and balances. In a true democracy, there is a regular conduct of elections, vibrant media, independent Judiciary and pro-people legislative assembly. In a democracy, the three arms of government are separate, though inter-dependent. They also act as checks on one another. The executive implements the law made by the legislature, the judiciary interprets the law and adjudicates disputes among the three arms. In an election, there is universal adult suffrage. Once you’re 18 years and above, you can register to vote at elections. Every registered voter, be you master or serf, moneybags or powerful individuals, everyone gets a chance to vote only once. The constitution has also guaranteed the freedom of press and power to hold the government to account.
These features and ingredients of democracy made it preferable to autocracy or dictatorial rule. Imagine that an individual who felt aggrieved can sue the government or any of its agencies and get favourable judgement. Democracy however is not an end in itself. It is a mere means to an end. The ultimate goal of democracy is the enhancement of good governance and development. The Nigerian Constitution provides that the primary purpose of government is security and welfare of citizens It is only a democratic state that holds the constitution as sacred and inviolable.
DEMOCRACY IN NIGERIA: A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
In evaluating the process of democratization in Nigeria, it is essential to consider the structural factors that either promote or hinder this development. It is undeniable that the military played a pivotal role in shaping and establishing the Fourth Republic. The military regime of General Abdulsalami Abubakar enacted Decree No. 24 of 1999, which became known as the 1999 Constitution. This decree was issued less than a month after the civilian government was inaugurated on May 29th. This highlights the fact that the transition from military to civilian rule was not grounded in a truly democratic constitution.
This suggests that the military reluctantly ushered in democracy in a militarized way. The fourth democratic rule began with hope and expectations, leading to seven general elections (1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019 and 2023), all marked by mixed feelings and controversies, including electoral violence and political instability. These elections were meant to promote good governance, ensure legitimacy, and improve the welfare of Nigerians. Despite some stability, citizens face significant challenges in fostering effective democracy, hindered by greed, godfatherism, corruption, and electoral malpractice. Elections are crucial in strengthening democracy, allowing the people to choose their leaders. Credible elections, peaceful power transitions, and a multi-party system are key elements of the fourth republic.
Ordinarily speaking, democracy should lay the foundation for good governance to strive in any nation. But neither democracy nor good governance can be said to be on strong grounds in Nigeria today.
The history of Nigeria’s political system has been marred by instability. Since its independence in 1960, the country has oscillated between civilian and military rule. Military regimes were marked by authoritarian control, corruption, and human rights violations, while civilian governments, though democratic in structure, struggled with inefficiency, widespread corruption, and poor governance.
In 1999, Nigeria made a historic transition from military rule to a civilian government with the election of Olusegun Obasanjo as president. This period marked the beginning of the Fourth Republic, and for the first time in the country’s history, power was peacefully transferred from one civilian administration to another. This peaceful transition raised hopes that democracy would foster good governance in Nigeria.
Despite the formal structures of democracy being in place, such as regular elections, freedom of speech, and civil liberties, the country has continued to face significant challenges. These include corruption, inadequate infrastructure, insecurity, poverty, and social inequality. Thus, the fundamental question arises: Has democracy truly led to good governance for Nigerians?
THE CONNECTION BETWEEN GOOD GOVERNANCE AND DEMOCRATIC RULE (A SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP)
The arguments focus on the relationship between good governance and democratic rule, which reflects the availability and sustainability of social structures such as participation, responsibility, transparency, accountability, effective and efficient social services, equity, and inclusivity. On the other hand, democratic rule encompasses elements like the rule of law, civil society engagement, fundamental human rights, political pluralism, periodic elections, people’s choices, democratic institutions, political tolerance, minority and voting rights, separation of powers, and sustainable electoral reforms. Together, these aspects represent the synergy between the state and the will of the people. This connection affirms that democratic consolidation fosters citizen participation, public trust, and confidence, which leads to political, social, and economic development. As a result, there is a strong correlation between good governance and democratic rule. A peaceful and productive society relies on effective state institutions. In this context, good governance refers to the efficient and effective structures that support citizens in living safe and productive lives aligned with their desires and opportunities. This involves a combination of democracy, social welfare, and the rule of law. Promoting good governance extends beyond the government sector to include all relevant actors from the private sector and civil society. The goal is to balance interests and focus on shared objectives, particularly reducing poverty and ensuring equitable access to state services. This creates participative, effective, and solution-oriented administrative structures. Good governance flourishes where democratic rules are upheld without exceptions. The success of democratic rule depends on strong democratic institutions that foster good governance, particularly in countries like Nigeria. The conditions for good governance hinge on the consolidation of democratic elements, which include respecting and protecting human rights, adhering to the rule of law, running an inclusive government, ensuring transparent and efficient service delivery, and providing periodic accountability to the people.
The development of effective democratic and public sector institutions is a key component of any political system. Good governance directly impacts citizens’ lives by improving democratic rule. In a rapidly changing world, democratic systems must adapt to new technologies and evolving citizens’ expectations, as accountability cannot be achieved without transparency and the rule of law. Accountability is a critical element of good governance for democratic rule, impacting the private sector and civil society organizations. Society’s well-being depends on ensuring that every citizen feels they have a stake in the collective project. Building institutions and promoting good governance require a simultaneous commitment to democratic rule. Good governance forms the foundation upon which democratic rule rests. Democratic rule determines who holds legitimacy and power, and how they exercise it, while good governance ensures alignment with the public good. Democratic rule is subject to moral judgments on public interest, and the presence of good governance depends on the effectiveness and viability of democratic rule in a country.
PROBLEMS OF DEMOCRACY IN NIGERIA
Corruption and Mismanagement
One of the biggest impediments to Nigeria’s democratic growth is widespread corruption at all levels of government. Corruption has become systemic, undermining public institutions and limiting the effective functioning of democratic processes. Corruption not only leads to the mismanagement of public resources but also erodes citizens’ trust in government institutions. This hampers the realization of good governance, as resources meant for public welfare are diverted.
Corruption remains one of the most significant challenges facing Nigerian democracy. Despite the democratic framework being in place, corruption has remained pervasive at all levels of government. From the executive to the legislature, corruption scandals are widespread, with politicians and public officials often accused of diverting public funds for personal gain. According to Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index, Nigeria ranks among the most corrupt nations globally, with political corruption being one of the primary obstacles to good governance.
Corruption in the oil and gas sector, for instance, has led to massive revenue losses, exacerbating Nigeria’s economic challenges. Furthermore, the diversion of resources meant for public services like healthcare, education, and infrastructure has left many Nigerians without access to essential services. This culture of impunity, where public officials are rarely held accountable for their actions, continues to undermine the very essence of democracy.
Information is, perhaps, the most important weapon against corruption. Having access to information plays a key role in efforts to curb corruption and control its impact, since free and guaranteed access to information enables citizens, the media and law-enforcement agencies to use official records as a means to uncover cases of corruption and maladministration; Enhancing transparency increases the risk of detection of corrupt practices and this can act as a deterrent to future corruption.
Electoral Fraud and Malpractices
Electoral fraud, violence, and malpractices continue to plague elections in Nigeria. In recent years, elections have been marred by vote-buying, ballot-box snatching, and intimidation of voters. These malpractices have seriously undermined the credibility of elections and weakened public confidence in the electoral process.
Political Instability and Violence
Political instability, characterized by frequent electoral violence, ethnic clashes, and insurgencies, is another significant problem. The rise of insurgent groups like Boko Haram and the various acts of banditry has escalated instability, making it difficult for the democratic process to flourish in the face of security concerns. This instability further discourages the free and fair participation of citizens in democratic processes.
Ethnic and Religious Tensions
Nigeria is a multi-ethnic and multi-religious country, and these divisions often lead to political tensions. The dominance of certain ethnic and religious groups in political leadership often leads to a sense of marginalization among others. Thisshws how ethnic and religious identity politics create a “winner-takes-all” attitude, which hinders national unity and democratic consolidation.
Poor Governance and Ineffective Leadership
Despite the democratic framework, governance in Nigeria is often inefficient and unresponsive to the needs of the people. It is no longer a thing of surprise that many elected officials fail to deliver on campaign promises, engaging in selfish practices that do not benefit the public. This ineffective leadership perpetuates a sense of disillusionment among citizens and affects the legitimacy of the government.
Weak Institutions and Rule of Law
Democratic institutions in Nigeria remain weak, and the rule of law is often undermined by political interference. The judiciary, legislative, and executive branches often fail to hold each other accountable, allowing corrupt practices and authoritarian tendencies to flourish. Weak institutions hinder the proper functioning of democracy.
Godfatherism and Political Patronage
The dominance of political godfathers in Nigerian politics, where political leaders owe their rise to influential figures or party bosses, undermines the democratic process. godfatherism distorts democratic choices and leads to the imposition of leaders who are not necessarily the people’s choice, often resulting in poor governance.
Poor Voter Education and Participation
A lack of comprehensive voter education in Nigeria contributes to low voter turnout and an uninformed electorate. Many Nigerians, particularly in rural areas, lack the necessary information to make informed voting decisions, making them vulnerable to manipulation during elections.
Insecurity and the Militarization of Politics
The high level of insecurity in Nigeria has led to an increasing militarization of the political process. The government often resorts to military action in addressing political unrest, undermining democratic principles. The military’s involvement in civilian affairs erodes democratic values and fosters authoritarian tendencies.
Lack of Electoral Reforms
While Nigeria has made strides in electoral reforms, many experts, argue that the electoral system remains deeply flawed. Issues such as the absence of a truly independent electoral commission and the lack of strict enforcement of election laws continue to undermine the credibility of elections.
Media Manipulation and Censorship
The media plays a crucial role in any democracy by serving as a watchdog, informing the public, and holding those in power accountable. However, in many countries, including Nigeria, media houses are often influenced or manipulated by political elites. The media censorship and biased reporting are frequently used as tools for political control, undermining the media’s ability to act as an impartial check on power. This manipulation distorts public discourse, prevents the free flow of information, and weakens the overall democratic process, as it limits the media’s role in promoting transparency and accountability.
The media plays a crucial role in a democracy, but in Nigeria, media houses are often manipulated by political elites. Media censorship and biased reporting have become tools for political control, undermining the media’s role as a check on power.
Dependency on Oil Revenues
Nigeria’s heavy reliance on oil revenues for government funding has created an unsustainable economic model. This dependency leads to rent-seeking behaviour and poor economic planning, limiting the country’s economic diversification and growth, which in turn impacts democratic governance.
The Absence of Political Accountability
Lack of accountability among politicians contributes to democratic decay. Politicians often remain unaccountable to the people who elected them, and the absence of effective checks and balances means that corruption, mismanagement, and undemocratic practices flourish unchecked.
DEMOCRACY AND THE PROMISE OF GOOD GOVERNANCE
Literally, good governance simply means good government or good leadership. To appreciate the concept of good governance, it will be better to start with knowing what governance implies. The term, governance, is a very versatile one with different meanings. It is simply used to refer to the way in which a government discharges its duties and obligations. Governance is seen as the process of steering state and society towards the realization of collective goals.
Joseph E. Stiglitzin his book Globalization and Its Discontents says Good governance is characterized by an accountable, transparent, and inclusive decision-making process, which ensures equitable outcomes and sustainable economic and social development.
Dahl, Robert A. in his book Democracy and Its Critics opines that Good governance requires that political processes are inclusive, ensuring that citizens have the ability to participate in meaningful ways. A democratic process where citizens’ views and rights are respected and protected by law.
In 2001, Thandika Mkandawire inThinking about Governance: The Case of Africa. Mkandawire stated that Good governance in Africa should be seen in terms of both the legitimacy of political systems and the capacity of states to perform. It entails strong institutions that ensure political stability, social equity, and the effective delivery of public services to meet the needs of the population.
Chinua Achebe explains that Good governance in Africa is founded upon a commitment to justice, integrity, and respect for the dignity of every individual It requires a government that listens to its people, is responsive to their needs, and operates with transparency and accountability.
The concept of good governance is neither new nor novel; it has existed since the dawn of human civilization. In simple terms, governance, refers to the process of decision-making and the subsequent implementation (or lack thereof) of those decisions. Governance has been described as an approach or perspective that examines the relationship between state and societal institutions, as well as how rules are created and accepted as legitimate in society to promote values that individuals and groups seek. It is also linked to the foundational values and constitutional policies that define governing institutions, guide their actions, and shape the complex relationships between these institutions and society. Public management based on good governance principles aims to improve the system of government by emphasizing efficiency, responsibility across institutions, promoting democratic principles, and establishing a new relationship between government and civil society.
According to Downer, good governance is the process by which public institutions manage public affairs, oversee resources, and ensure the realization of human rights. This process is carried out with minimal corruption and abuse, respecting the rule of law. The true measure of good governance, based on the above definitions, lies in its ability to fulfill the promise of human rights, civil, cultural, economic, political, and social rights. The UN Human Development Report identifies two aspects of governance: leadership, which is responsible for effective governmental organizations, and the governed, or citizens, who must contribute to the socio-economic and political affairs of society. Essentially, governance is the relationship between rulers and the ruled, the state and society, governors, and the governed. For legitimacy, accountability, credibility, and responsiveness to be achieved, it is crucial for both sides of this relationship to be closely aligned, ensuring that the rulers remain accountable and the citizens actively engage without corruption.
An important dynamic in governance is the change that often occurs within the system. For example, laws that regulate behaviour or activities may change over time. However, when these changes happen too frequently without thorough evaluation, instability can arise, potentially disrupting operations. Governance can vary significantly from country to country. Despite similarities in natural resources and social structures, countries may show differing results in improving their citizens’ welfare, largely due to governance standards. In countries where corruption, poor management of public funds, lack of accountability, human rights abuses, and excessive military influence prevail, development tends to be hindered.
IMPORTANCE OF GOOD GOVERNANCE
Efficient processes – due to their routine repeats in the process and consistency of tasks, it has brought huge attachment to its relevance to the public sector.
Visibility of errors – the routines of events and the consistency as it quickens and highlights nonconformities in the process.
Reduction in costs – It eliminates wastages from scrap, rework, and other non-value added processes.
Smooth running process.
Financial sustainability.
Clarity
Reputation
The essence of good governance lies in the principles of accountability, transparency, responsiveness, inclusiveness, and the rule of law. For democracy to lead to good governance, it must ensure that these principles are realized. In the Nigerian context, there have been notable improvements in some areas, but there have also been persistent problems that undermine the potential of democracy to deliver good governance.
Accountability and Transparency
Accountability is where an individual or organization is responsible for their actions and decisions. Cambridge Dictionary describes accountability as “the fact of being responsible for what you do and able to explain it when asked.” The Macmillan Dictionary defines accountability as “the fact of being responsible for what you do and for the results of your actions.” In essence, accountability involves being answerable for one’s actions and ensuring that there is transparency and responsibility in fulfilling duties or obligations.
One of the primary tenets of democracy is accountability, where elected officials are answerable to the electorate for their actions. In theory, democracy should allow citizens to hold their leaders accountable through elections and other democratic processes such as civil society activism and the media. In Nigeria, elections have been held regularly, and power has been transferred peacefully between governments. However, the reality is that electoral processes are often marred by irregularities, fraud, and manipulation. The Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC), tasked with overseeing elections, has been criticized for not adequately addressing voter fraud, ballot stuffing, and vote buying, which have eroded public trust in the electoral system.
There is a broad agreement that “transparency” is closely tied to the right to know and the public’s access to information. The Cambridge Online Dictionary defines transparency as “the quality of being easy to see through,””the practice of being open and without secrets,” and “a situation where business and financial activities are conducted openly, ensuring fairness and honesty.” Similarly, the Macmillan Online Dictionary describes it as “the state of being clear enough to see through” and “a straightforward approach that allows others to understand exactly what is being done.” Transparency is a key measure of governance effectiveness and impact, emphasizing openness, honesty, and clarity. “Good governance” encompasses several key attributes: it is participatory, consensus-driven, accountable, transparent, responsive, effective, efficient, equitable, inclusive, and adheres to the rule of law. It ensures the minimization of corruption, considers minority views, and ensures that the voices of society’s most vulnerable are heard in the decision-making process.
There are mainly two types of transparency. The first is proactive transparency, which involves publishing information of public importance before the public demands it. This approach is based on the belief that all information of public significance belongs to the public and is only held by governmental bodies. It asserts the public’s general right to know, and proactive transparency serves as a mechanism for exercising that right. This concept is supported by public administration theorists and international organizations, such as the World Bank. The second type is reactive transparency, which also concerns the public’s right to know, but is carried out in response to popular demand. The goal of achieving full transparency stems from the belief that democracy is rule by the people and that elected representatives are temporary agents who are accountable to the citizens. Defined this way, reactive transparency requires public authorities to ensure that citizens are given equal access to information as decision-makers and to share information with the public at the same time as it is shared within the administration. For public administration to respond efficiently and professionally to citizens’ needs and provide quality public services according to the principles of “good governance,” it is crucial to increase transparency and improve ethical standards. A government that is open and accessible is more likely to be transparent. This realization has led to a global movement for more openness in government operations. Michael Johnston defines transparency as the “capacity of outsiders to obtain valid and timely information about the activities of government or private organizations.” He further notes that the enactment of the Freedom of Information Act in the United States in 1966, which provided limited guarantees of citizen access to government information, was a milestone in transparency. This model has been adopted in other countries. Democratic and market reforms, along with the growing anti-corruption movement, have significantly contributed to the establishment of transparency as a key governance concept. Transparent political processes are viewed as more accountable and democratic, while transparency in the economy facilitates free-market operations. In both contexts, rights to access information and the corresponding obligations of institutions to uphold those rights are considered safeguards against abuses and vital components of good governance. Transparency is seen as essential to various political goals, such as combating corruption, ensuring fair election financing, enhancing democracy, strengthening democratic institutions in transitional societies, and reducing international conflicts. Despite significant changes in Nigeria’s federal structure over time, the country still faces challenges related to transparency and accountability. Power in Nigeria is concentrated within the executive branch, led by the President and his Ministers, and party discipline often means minimal legislative opposition to government policies. The lack of transparency and accountability has undermined the legitimacy of the government. In Nigeria, the need to enhance transparency and accountability in intergovernmental relations is especially urgent due to widespread corruption and the lack of adequate checks on the powers of officials. Transparency is closely linked with accountability and other fundamental principles of modern democratic societies, such as open justice, open government, freedom of information, and public consultation.
Transparency has also been a significant issue. Public office holders, especially at the state and federal levels, are often accused of embezzling public funds. The Nigerian government has attempted to address corruption through institutions such as the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) and the Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC). However, these agencies have often been accused of political bias, lack of independence, and inefficiency, which has limited their effectiveness in ensuring accountability.
Inclusiveness and Responsiveness
Democracy also promises inclusivity, ensuring that all segments of society have a voice in decision-making processes. In Nigeria, the 1999 constitution guarantees citizens the right to vote and participate in political processes.
Over the years, women, youth, and marginalized groups have gradually become more involved in politics. However, challenges remain in achieving true inclusiveness. For example, the representation of women in Nigeria’s National Assembly has been extremely low, despite calls for gender quotas and reforms to ensure better representation.
Furthermore, responsiveness to the needs of citizens has been a major concern. Although democratic governments have made efforts to address the basic needs of Nigerians, such as improving infrastructure and healthcare, there has been limited progress in reducing poverty and addressing unemployment. According to the National Bureau of Statistics, poverty rates remain high, and many Nigerians continue to suffer from poor access to quality education, healthcare, and employment opportunities. This disconnect between government policies and the realities of the people raises questions about the effectiveness of democratic institutions in responding to citizens’ needs.
The Rule of Law
Democracy and the rule of law are inseparable concepts that make it possible for modern societies to function effectively and thus guarantee peace, harmony and egalitarianism in the society.
A strong rule of law is a critical component of good governance, ensuring that justice is administered impartially and that no one is above the law. Democracy, when functioning well, guarantees that the rule of law prevails. In Nigeria, the judiciary is independent, and the constitution provides for the protection of human rights. However, the rule of law has often been undermined by political interference, inadequate judicial processes, and corruption. High-profile cases of injustice, such as the prolonged trial of former governor James Ibori or the recent scandals involving the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), illustrate the challenges of ensuring justice for all Nigerians.
The slow pace of justice delivery and the influence of political elites on the judiciary undermine the efficacy of the rule of law. As a result, many Nigerians feel disillusioned with the democratic system, perceiving it as ineffective in ensuring justice for ordinary citizens.
DEMOCRACY, GOOD GOVERNANCE AND DEVELOPMENT
Since Nigeria transitioned from military rule to democracy in 1999, the country has grappled with the fundamental question: Has democracy delivered good governance? Democracy, in its ideal form, promises representation, accountability, and development. Yet, in practice, Nigeria’s democratic experience has been marred by contradictions—growth without equitable prosperity, elections without deep democratic values, and governance often tainted by corruption and inefficiency. If governance is meant to improve the lives of citizens, then a critical evaluation of Nigeria’s democratic journey over the last two and a half decades is necessary.
Economic Progress: A Mirage or Reality?
In theory, democracy fosters economic development through stable policies, investor confidence, and citizen participation in economic decision-making. Nigeria has seen moments of economic growth, especially between 2000 and 2014, when GDP per capita rose from about $482 to $2,655. This growth was largely fueled by high global oil prices, as oil remains Nigeria’s economic backbone. However, the collapse of oil prices in 2015 and structural economic mismanagement led to recessions in 2016 and 2020. Today, GDP per capita has declined to about $2,085, and over 133 million Nigerians live in multidimensional poverty, according to the National Bureau of Statistics.
While Nigeria is Africa’s largest economy, this status is deceptive: wealth is concentrated in the hands of a few, and the benefits of economic growth have not trickled down to the majority. The removal of fuel subsidies in 2023, though necessary for economic stability, has further strained the average Nigerian, leading to increased transportation and food prices. Can democracy be said to have delivered good governance when economic policies, though rational on paper, translate to deeper suffering for the people?
Healthcare: A System in Perpetual Crisis
A government’s legitimacy is often tied to its ability to provide basic services such as healthcare. Despite being a democracy, Nigeria still allocates less than 5% of its annual budget to healthcare, far below the 15% benchmark recommended by the Abuja Declaration of 2001. The consequences are devastating: Nigeria has one of the highest maternal mortality rates in the world, at 512 deaths per 100,000 live births, according to the World Bank.
Public hospitals remain poorly funded, leading to a mass exodus of doctors and nurses—over 16,000 Nigerian-trained doctors work in the UK alone. While private healthcare has improved, it is only accessible to the wealthy. The average Nigerian, particularly in rural areas, relies on overstretched and underfunded hospitals, leading to preventable deaths. Has democracy fulfilled its promise if health remains a privilege rather than a right?
Infrastructure: Islands of Development Amidst Widespread Decay
Democracy has brought infrastructural improvements, but they remain unevenly distributed. Lagos, Abuja, and a few other urban centers have seen better roads, railways, and power projects, yet the vast majority of Nigerians still live in areas with poor roads, limited electricity, and inadequate water supply. Nigeria still generates less than 5,000 megawatts of electricity for a population of over 200 million, a staggering failure that has stunted industrial growth and job creation.
While new airports, highways, and bridges have been built, they often reflect political considerations rather than genuine developmental needs. Many projects are abandoned due to corruption, while others remain mere campaign promises. Has democracy improved governance when the progress made is both selective and unsustainable?
Education: Growth Without Quality?
Democratic governance should enhance education as a tool for national development. Nigeria has seen an increase in school enrollments, but the quality of education remains poor. According to UNESCO, 20.2 million Nigerian children are out of school, the highest in the world. Universities are plagued by constant strikes, underfunding, and poor infrastructure, leading to declining academic standards.
A democratic society should empower its citizens with knowledge, yet Nigeria’s education system often produces graduates who are ill-equipped for the job market. What use is democracy if it does not equip its people with the tools for a better future?
Security: A State Perpetually Under Siege
A government’s primary responsibility is the protection of its people. Here, Nigeria’s democratic journey has been fraught with failure. From Boko Haram insurgency to banditry, kidnappings, and herdsmen conflicts, insecurity has worsened since 1999. According to SBM Intelligence, over 63,000 people were killed due to insecurity between 2011 and 2023.
While democracy allows for debate on security policies, it has not translated into decisive action. Military operations are often reactive rather than preventive, and citizens feel increasingly unsafe in their own country. Can democracy be truly celebrated when life itself is uncertain?
Trust in Government: A Declining Faith Trust in government is essential for democracy to thrive. However, according to Afrobarometer surveys, over 80% of Nigerians believe their government is corrupt, and voter turnout has steadily declined, with the 2023 elections witnessing the lowest turnout (about 27%) in Nigeria’s history. This reflects widespread disillusionment.
In an ideal democracy, elections should be moments of hope. Yet, in Nigeria, elections are often marred by allegations of rigging, voter suppression, and violence. The promise of democracy was not just periodic elections, but governance that is transparent and accountable. Where is that promise today?
Telecommunications and Social Amenities: A Bright Spot?
One undeniable success of Nigeria’s democracy is the telecommunications revolution. In 1999, Nigeria had less than 500,000 active phone lines; today, it has over 220 million mobile connections. The liberalization of the sector has facilitated economic growth, digital inclusion, and access to information.
Similarly, access to banking and digital financial services has expanded, with platforms like Opay, Flutterwave, and Moniepoint transforming financial transactions. However, while mobile phones are widespread, internet penetration remains uneven, and many rural communities still lack electricity, clean water, and proper sanitation.
CONCLUSION: A DEMOCRACY YET TO DELIVER TRUE GOVERNANCE
Nigeria’s democracy has undoubtedly brought about political freedoms, greater civic engagement, and improvements in some sectors. However, good governance is measured not just by economic statistics, but by the quality of life of the people. Today, healthcare is still inaccessible for many, education remains weak, security is deteriorating, and economic hardship is widespread.
The problem is not democracy itself but the failure to deepen democratic values—accountability, inclusivity, and visionary leadership. Democracy has not necessarily failed, but it has not yet succeeded in delivering good governance. The question, therefore, is not just whether democracy has made us better off, but whether we have built a system that allows democracy to truly work for all Nigerians. The answer, for now, remains uncertain.
The negative consequences of bad governance in Africa, including poverty, unemployment, post-election violence, and insecurity, demand the institutionalization of development-focused practices to foster change. At the heart of this is the fight against corruption, which should be institutionalized and held accountable through democratic governance, including the oversight of anti-corruption bodies by responsible civil society. Political corruption, which undermines democratic principles, needs to be addressed with the same seriousness and penalties as other forms of corruption, such as financial crimes. Too often, political corruption is overlooked, largely because the political elite, who are often guilty of these practices, hold significant power. For instance, Nigeria’s election history is rife with stories of electoral manipulation and voter exploitation by the political class. Post-election adjudication should not only focus on determining winners, but should also impose penalties, including imprisonment and fines, on political elites or their agents who violate electoral rules.
Free and fair elections are the foundation of legitimacy, transparency, and accountability, and should be consistently safeguarded to ensure leaders are held accountable to the people. The African Union’s peer review mechanism should be expanded to include sanctions against regimes that fail to uphold democratic practices. While the shift from military to civilian rule is an important step, it alone is insufficient to compel African nations to fully democratize. The pace of democratization should be flexible, but there must be consistent emphasis on respect for the rule of law, the conduct of credible elections, and the implementation of policies that tangibly improve citizens’ welfare. These fundamental principles must be adequately monitored and enforced to ensure that democracy delivers meaningful benefits to the people.
The frequent disregard for the rule of law in the present democratic dispensation by the ruling elites and their cronies, is as a result of the fact that the institutions of governance are built around individual leaders (ruling elites) and this makes it impossible for such institutions to function appropriately and independently as political corruption, abuse of power, judicial ineptitude, poor leadership and absence of due process has further pauperize majority of the citizenry. Emphasis however should be on how to empower institutions of government to the extent that individual leaders will find it rather too strong to manipulate for their selfish benefits.
So the real cross here in terms of democracy dividends is has democracy translated to good governance? Has democracy done any good to Nigerians? It is difficult for one to argue that democracy in Nigeria has brought some positive changes, due to the shallow impact it came with. While democracy in Nigeria has undoubtedly led to some positive developments, including the establishment of democratic institutions and regular elections, it has not yet resulted in good governance for all Nigerians. Accountability, transparency, inclusiveness, and the rule of law—principles that are central to good governance—remain underdeveloped in many areas. Corruption, political interference, and inefficiency have plagued the democratic process, hindering the ability of government institutions to deliver on the promises of democracy.
If this threat is not confronted directly, the nation will remain mired in an endless cycle, perpetually caught in the illusion of progress while failing to achieve any meaningful change. The nation risks spinning in perpetual motion, only to find itself where it started—without progress or resolution. The choice is stark, and the consequences clear: unless transparency is embraced as a fundamental pillar of governance, the path forward remains uncertain and fraught with the perils of stagnation.
For democracy to truly lead to good governance in Nigeria, there is a need for deeper reforms in the political and electoral systems. Strengthening institutions such as the judiciary, anti-corruption agencies, and the electoral commission, as well as promoting political education and public participation, will be crucial steps toward ensuring that the democratic process translates into tangible improvements in the lives of ordinary Nigerians. As the country continues to navigate its democratic journey, the question remains: Will democracy in Nigeria eventually fulfill its promise of good governance, or will the nation continue to struggle with the shortcomings of a flawed system?
